Synergistic Roll‐to‐Roll Transfer and Doping of CVD‐Graphene Using Parylene for Ambient‐Stable and Ultra‐Lightweight Photovoltaics
Abstract
A roll‐to‐roll (R2R) transfer technique is employed to improve the electrical properties of transferred graphene on flexible substrates using parylene as an interfacial layer. A layer of parylene is deposited on graphene/copper (Cu) foils grown by chemical vapor deposition and are laminated onto ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)/poly(ethylene terephthalate). Then, the samples are delaminated from the Cu using an electrochemical transfer process, resulting in flexible and conductive substrates with sheet resistances of below 300 Ω sq −1 , which is significantly better (fourfold) than the sample transferred by R2R without parylene (1200 Ω sq −1 ). The characterization results indicate that parylene C and D dope graphene due to the presence of chlorine atoms in their structure, resulting in higher carrier density and thus lower sheet resistance. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the binding energy between parylene and graphene is stronger than that of EVA and graphene, which may lead to less tear in graphene during the R2R transfer. Finally, organic solar cells are fabricated on the ultrathin and flexible parylene/graphene substrates and an ultra‐lightweight device is achieved with a power conversion efficiency of 5.86%. Additionally, the device shows a high power per weight of 6.46 W g −1 with superior air stability.
M.M.T. and G.A. contributed equally to this work. This work was sponsored by Eni S.p.A under the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Energy Initiative (MITEI) Solar Frontier Center (M.M.T., G.A., J.Z., J.K.). The authors would like to thank Specialty Coating Systems, Inc., for supplying and providing support for the parylene DPX dimers. A.Y.L. and J.K. acknowledge the support by the by the U.S. Army Research Office through the Institute for Soldier Nanotechnologies at MIT, under Cooperative Agreement Number W911NF‐18‐2‐0048. F.J.M.M, J.Y., M.J.B., M.H., and T.P. acknowledge support from AFOSR FATE MURI, Grant No. FA9550‐15‐1‐0514 and the U.S. Department of Defence, Office of Naval Research (N00014‐16‐1‐233). Computational simulations were performed on the Extreme Science and Engineering Discovery Environment (XSEDE), which is supported by the National Science Foundation grant number ACI‐1053575, and the MIT Engaging Cluster. M.M.T. and J.K. would like to acknowledge the Center for Nanoscale Systems (CNS) and the NSF's National Nanotechnology Infrastructure Network (NNIN).
