Dr. Ruaridh Macdonald is the Energy Systems Research Lead at the MIT Energy Initiative. His research explores how best to decarbonize the electricity grid and other sectors, and which technologies and policies will reduce the cost of the energy transition while also ensuring grid resilience and security. He is developing novel approaches to macro-energy system modelling which allow for larger multi-sector energy systems to be optimized over long time periods. This allows for technologies to be modelled with greater fidelity and considering interannual variation in energy supply and demand. Ruaridh is a co-lead developer of the GenX and DOLPHYN macro-energy system models. He completed his PhD in Nuclear Science and Engineering at MIT.